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    Acupuncture (针灸)
    Acupuncture1.jpgAcupuncture2.jpgAcupuncture3.jpgAcupuncture4.jpgAcupuncture2.jpgAcupuncture is a collection of procedures which involves the stimulation of points on the body using a variety of techniques, such as penetrating the skin with needles that are then manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation. It is one of the key components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and is among the oldest healing practices in the world.

    According to the traditional Chinese medicine approach, stimulating specific acupuncture points corrects imbalances in the flow of qi through channels known as meridians. Scientific research has not found any histological or physiological correlates for qi, meridians and acupuncture points, and some contemporary practitioners needle the body without using the traditional theoretical framework.

    Current scientific research indicates that traditional forms of acupuncture are more effective than placebos in the relief of certain types of pain and post-operative nausea. Other reviews have concluded that positive results reported for acupuncture are too small to be of clinical relevance and may be the result of inadequate experimental blinding, or can be explained by placebo effects and publication bias.

    The invasiveness of acupuncture makes it difficult to design an experiment that adequately controls for placebo effects. A number of tests comparing traditional acupuncture to sham procedures found that both sham and traditional acupuncture were superior to usual care but were themselves equivalent, findings apparently at odds with traditional theories regarding acupuncture point specificity.

    Acupuncture's use for certain conditions has been endorsed by the United States National Institutes of Health, the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, the World Health Organization, and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

    Some scientists have criticized these endorsements as being unduly credulous and not including objections to or criticisms of the research used to support acupuncture's effectiveness.

    There is general agreement that acupuncture is safe when administered by well-trained practitioners using sterile needles and carries a very low risk of serious adverse effects.

    The general theory of acupuncture is based on the premise that bodily functions are regulated by an energy called qi which flows through the body; disruptions of this flow are believed to be responsible for disease. Acupuncture describes a family of procedures aiming to correct imbalances in the flow of qi by stimulation of anatomical locations on or under the skin (usually called acupuncture points or acupoints), by a variety of techniques.

    The most common mechanism of stimulation of acupuncture points employs penetration of the skin by thin metal needles, which are manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation.

    Acupuncture needles are typically made of stainless steel wire. They are usually disposable, but reusable needles are sometimes used as well, though they must be sterilized between uses. Needles vary in length between 13 to 130 millimetres (0.51 to 5.1 in), with shorter needles used near the face and eyes, and longer needles in more fleshy areas; needle diameters vary from 0.16 mm (0.006 in) to 0.46 mm (0.018 in), with thicker needles used on more robust patients. Thinner needles may be flexible and require tubes for insertion. The tip of the needle should not be made too sharp to prevent breakage, although blunt needles cause more pain.

    Apart from the usual filiform needle, there are also other needle types which can be utilized, such as three-edged needles and the Nine Ancient Needles.

    Japanese acupuncturists use extremely thin needles that are used superficially, sometimes without penetrating the skin, and surrounded by a guide tube (a technique adopted in China and the West). Korean acupuncture uses copper needles and has a greater focus on the hand.

    针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用,以及应用一定的操作法,来治疗全身疾病的。在临床上按中医的诊疗方法诊断出病因,找出关键,辨别性质,明确病变属于哪一经脉,哪一脏腑,辨明它是属于表里、寒热、虚实中那一类型,做出诊断。然后进行相应的配穴处方进行治疗。以通经脉,调气血,使阴阳归于相对平衡,脏腑功能趋于调和,从而达到防疾病的目的。针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分,也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来,对保卫健康,繁衍民族,有过卓越的贡献,直到如今,仍然担当着这个任务,为广大群众所信赖。

    针灸疗法最早见于战国时代问世的《黄帝内经》一书。《黄帝内经》说 :“藏寒生满病,其治宜灸”,便是指灸术,其中详细描述了九针的形制,并大量记述了针灸的理论与技术。两千多年来针灸疗法一直在中国流行,并传播到了世界。而针灸的出现,则更早。

    针灸治疗的适应范围很广,举凡内、外、伤、妇、儿、五官、皮肤等各科的许多疾患,大部分都能应用针灸来治疗,世界卫生组织(WHO)也公开宣布针灸对一些疾病确实有帮助。以下列出世界卫生组织(WHO)公布的43种针灸有效的病症,包括:

    (1980年) 一、呼吸系统疾病

    1.鼻窦炎 2、鼻炎 3、感冒4、扁桃腺炎 5、急、慢性喉炎 6、气管炎 7、支气管哮喘

    二、眼科疾病

    8.急性结膜炎 9、中心性视网膜炎 10、近视眼 11、白内障

    三、口腔科疾病

    12.牙痛 13、拔牙后疼痛 14,牙龈炎

    四、胃肠系统疾病

    15.食道、喷门失驰缓症16、呃逆 17、胃下垂18、急、慢性胃炎19、胃酸增多症 20、慢性十二指肠溃疡(疼缓解) 21、单纯急性十二指肠溃疡炎22、急、慢性结肠炎 23、急性(慢性)杆菌性痢疾24、便秘25、腹泻 26、肠麻痹

    五、神经、肌肉、骨骼疾病

    27.头痛28、偏头痛29、三叉神经痛30、面神经麻痹31、中风后的轻度瘫痪32、周围性神经疾患 33、小儿脊髓灰质炎后遗症34、美尼尔氏综合征35、神经性膀胱功能失调 36、遗尿37、肋间神经痛38、颈臂综合征39、肩凝症 40、网球肘41、坐骨神经痛42、腰痛43、关节炎、44.小儿脑瘫。

    (世界卫生组织推荐43种疾病针灸临证指南。中国计量出版社。1995)


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